🌟- *Direct Speech or Direct Narration or Direct form of Speech:*
If the words spoken by a person are repeated same, then this style of expression is called direct narration or direct speech or direct form of speech.
*Example*
💫1- Mother said, " Aleen is washing clothes".
In this sentence, the words that came out of the mother's mouth (i.e. Hina this washing clothes) are repeated word for word.
🌟- *Indirect speech or Indirect Narration:*
If a person's words are spoken word for word, they should not be repeated, but the narrator.Explain their meaning in your own words. This style of expression is called indirect narration or indirect speech or indirect form of speech.
*Example:*
💫1- Mother said that Hina was washing clothes.
The words in this sentence (Aleen Was Washing Clothes) is not words exactly what the mother said.Rather, the narrator has told that words in his words.
🌟- *Inverted commas*
In direct narratives, the words that are repeated are written in inverted commas.
💫- The closed part inside the inverted commas is called "Reported speech".
💫- The part that is outside the inverted commas is called the "Reporting speech".
💫- "Reporting Speech" will be separated from "Reported Speech" by a comma.
💫- Inverted commas are used only in Direct Narration.
🌟Rules for changing from Direct Narration to Indirect Narration:
💫- Inverted commas are eliminated.
💫- The comma between Reporting speech and Reported speech is also removed.
💫- Reporting speech is usually combined with Reported speech by "That".
🌟 *Rules for change of pronouns:*
💫- Only pronoun change of Reported speech.
💫- First person (i.e. I, we, my, our, me, us) the reporting is changed according to the subject of the speech.
*Example*:
👉D: He said to me, "I am washing my hands."
👉I/D: He told me that he was washing his hands.
🌟- The second person (i.e. You, Your) is changed according to the object of the Reporting speech.
*Example*:
👉- D: He said to me, "You are a good player."
👉- I/D: He told me that I was a good player.
🌟- The third person (i.e, his, it, its, she, he , her, we, them, their, they, him) is not change.
*Example*:
💫 - D: We said , "He is wasting his time."
💫- I/D: We told that he was wasting his time.
👉*Note* :
The state in which the pronoun will be changed (i.e, the subject, object, or additional) will be changed in the same way as the other pronouns.
🌟- *Rules for change of Tenses:*
👉-Only can be change Tense of Reported Speech.
👉- Tense of Reporting Speech will be same.
🌟- Replacement of reported speech depends on change of reporting speech.
🌟: If the reporting speech is Present Tense or Future, the reported speech is not changed.
🌟- If the Reporting speech is Past Tense, the Reported speech will be changed according to Following the Table.
💫- Present Indefinite Tense will be changed into Past Indefinite Tense.
💫- Present Continuous Tense will be changed into Past Continuous.
💫- Present Perfect Tense will be changed into Past Perfect Tense.
💫- Present Perfect Continuous will be changed into Past Perfect Tense.
💫- Past Indefinite will be changed into Past Perfect Tense.
💫- Past Continuous Tense will be changed into Past Perfect Continuous.
🌟- *The following Tenses will be changed:*
👉- Past perfect tense
👉- Past Perfect Continuous tense
👉- Future Indefinite tense
👉- Future Continuous tense
👉- Future Perfect tense
👉- Future Perfect Continuous
🌟- *Changes to few specific words*:( Only if the Reporting Speech is past).
🌟 **A few specific words are change that way.**
👉-"This" will be changed into "That".
👉-"These" will be changed into "Those".
👉-"Here" will be changed into "There".
👉-"Now" will be changed into "Then".
👉-"Today" will be changed into "That day".
👉-It (Yesterday)" will be changed into "The previous day".
👉-It (Tomorrow)" will be changed into "The next day".
👉-It (The next day)" will be changed into "The following day".
👉-It (Tonight)" will be changed into "That night".
👉-It (Last night)" will be changed into "The previous night".
🌟- *A few specific helping verbs change that wa*
👉-Is, are and Am will be changed into Was.
👉-Has and Have will be changed into Had.
👉-Shall and Will will be changed into Would.
👉-Can will be changed into Could.
👉-May will be changed into Might.
🌟- *Important note*:
If a universal truth is stated in a reporting speech, its tense never changes.Similarly, Proverb's tense remains the same.
*Example*:
💫D - He said, "Allah is one".(Universal Truth)
💫I/D -He told that Allah is one.(Universal Truth)
💫D - The teacher said, "The sun is stationary".(Universal Truth)
💫I/D - The teacher told that the sun is stationary.(Universal Truth)
💫D - He said, "Greed is a curse".(Proverbs)
💫I/D - He told that greed is a curse.(Proverbs)
🌟*Note*
Verb of Reporting speech "Said to" is change usually converted to Told.
🌟- **Examples of Direct and Indirect Speech*:
💫D- He says to me, "You are my friend"
I/D- He says to me that I am his friend.
💫D- He will say to you, "I go to school".
💫I/D- He will say to you that he goes to school.
💫D- I say to him, "They have invited me to tea".
💫I/D- I say to him that they have invited me to tea.
💫D- You will say to them, "We went to the museum".
💫I/D- You will say to them that you went to the museum.
💫D- He said to me, "I am ill".
💫I/D- He told me that he was ill.
💫D- They said to me, "You cannot climb up this tree".
💫I/D- They told me that I could climb up that tree.
💫D- We said to the teacher, "We shall respect the elder".
💫I/D- We told the teacher that would respect the elders.
💫D- He said to them, "You may go now".
💫I/D- He told them that they might go then.
💫D- Ali said,"I came here yesterday".
💫I/D- Ali told that he had come there the previous day.
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